{"id":7433,"date":"2024-04-02T17:26:39","date_gmt":"2024-04-02T17:26:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopoliticalcompass.com\/?p=7433"},"modified":"2024-04-02T17:28:16","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T17:28:16","slug":"the-italian-job-playing-the-complicity-game-in-libya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopoliticalcompass.com\/?p=7433","title":{"rendered":"The Italian Job: Playing the Complicity Game in Libya"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Author:<\/b> Paolo Biondi\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Affiliation:<\/b> School of Advanced Study, University of London, UNHCR<\/span><\/p>

Organization\/Publisher:<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span>Academia<\/span><\/a>.edu<\/span><\/p>

Date\/Place: <\/b>March 2018\/USA<\/span><\/p>

Type of Literature:<\/b> Analysis<\/span><\/p>

Number of Pages:<\/b> 11<\/span><\/p>

Link:<\/b> https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/34619085\/The_Italian_Job_Playing_the_Complicity_Game_in_Libya?auto=download&email_work_card=download-paper<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Keywords:<\/b> Italian<\/span><\/i><\/a> Job, Migrant, Asylum seekers, Detention Centers, refoulement<\/span><\/i><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Brief:<\/b><\/p>

This brief legal note sets out the juridical gap of the Italy-Libya engagement in 2017 to stifle the migrant flows to the EU. The author spells out the different approaches, and the evolutionary interpretation and application of relevant legal doctrine to show how Italy is complicit in Libyan wrongful acts against migrants and asylum seekers, despite both states\u2019 claim of acting legally in the absence of judicial precedent. There is a lack of clear-cut precedent upon the extraterritorial application of the ECHR (European Court of Human Rights) to an EU Member State\u2019s acts of facilitation of internationally wrongful acts committed by another State \u2014 \u201c contactless\u201d acts. The consequences, nevertheless, can raise international responsibility. According to many Articles (3 ECHR and 33 (1) of the 1951 Geneva Convention) and Conventions (Convention against Torture and the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), states cannot turn back people (refoulement) towards a country where they may be subjected to a serious risk or inhuman and degrading treatment, including turning back people in international waters. To avoid the risk of being reported to the ECHR, Italy has sought an alternative option of asking the Libyan authorities for permission to act within the Libyan territorial waters and begin returning back people. Though Italy is not acting in international waters, the result of the act is infringing on Article 13(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 11 Article 2(2) of the Protocol No. 4 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms securing certain rights and freedoms other than those already included in the Convention and in the first Protocol 12 and\/or Article 14(1) UDHR 13 and 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR). Again, with the risk of being reported to ECHR, Italy decided to ask the Libyans to do the job for it instead. But this does not make Italy innocent; Italy is facilitating and supporting Libya\u2019s illicit acts by supplying technical supports and providing training and bots to Libya to perform such activities. This creates international responsibility since the turning back would expose migrants to torture and serious risk when they are pushed back into their origin countries or detention centers in the current critical prevailing conditions in Libya. Libya can be accused for violating international conventions and treaties depending on where it acts and the wrongful activities of exposing migrants to serious risks (preventing people from seeking asylum elsewhere); Italy is still responsible for Libya\u2019s wrongful acts as stipulated in Article 16 of the Draft ARSIWA (Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts) in conjunction with violation occurring under both the ECHR and other conventions, such as the UN Convention Against Torture. Furthermore, Italy is financing activities in Libya\u2019s detention centers and it is financing Libyan militias to stifle the migrants\u2019 flows and blocking migrants\u2019 departure with knowledge of the wrongful acts being committed. Both offshore and onshore activities by Italy and Libya must be considered in light of the chain of risk and constructive refoulement. It is a must for all actors to continue reporting on the treatment of refugees and asylum seekers and focus upon the risk to which the potential applicants for international protection and persons similarly situated can be exposed in their country of origin.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

By: Imad Atoui, CIGA Research Associate<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Author: Paolo Biondi\u00a0 Affiliation: School of Advanced Study, University of London, UNHCR Organization\/Publisher:\u00a0 Academia.edu Date\/Place: March 2018\/USA Type of Literature: Analysis Number of Pages: 11 Link: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/34619085\/The_Italian_Job_Playing_the_Complicity_Game_in_Libya?auto=download&email_work_card=download-paper\u00a0 Keywords: Italian Job, Migrant, Asylum seekers, Detention Centers, refoulement \u00a0 Brief: This brief legal note sets out the juridical gap of the Italy-Libya engagement in 2017 to stifle 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